The French school system follows a structure that can feel unfamiliar to families who did not grow up in France. School stages, terminology, and expectations often differ from those in other countries.
This guide explains how the French school system is organised, what the main stages are, and what families should expect as children move through the system.
How the French school system is structured
The French school system is divided into several stages based on age. Education is largely standardised nationwide, with the same curriculum and structure applied across the country.
Most children attend public schools, which are free of charge, although private schools also exist and follow similar academic programmes.
École maternelle/ Kindergarten/ Playschool (ages 3 to 6)
École maternelle is the first stage of formal education in France. Although attendance is not compulsory until age three, most children attend from an early age.
This stage focuses on social development, language skills, and early learning through structured activities. It is considered an important foundation for later schooling.
École élémentaire (ages 6 to 11)
École élémentaire corresponds to primary school and is compulsory. Children learn core subjects such as French, mathematics, history, geography, and science.
Progression is structured, and assessment is continuous rather than exam-based at this stage.
Collège (ages 11 to 15)
Collège is the first stage of secondary education and is compulsory for all students. Pupils follow a broad curriculum and are introduced to subject-specialist teachers.
At the end of collège, students sit the brevet exam, which marks the completion of compulsory education.
Lycée (ages 15 to 18)
Lycée prepares students for further education or entry into the workforce. There are different pathways, including general, technological, and vocational routes.
Students typically work towards the baccalauréat, a national exam that plays an important role in access to higher education.
Public and private schools
Public schools are free and follow the national curriculum. Private schools may charge fees but often follow the same academic structure, particularly those under contract with the state.
Choice of school may depend on location, availability, and family preferences.
School registration and catchment areas
School placement in France is usually based on catchment areas linked to a family’s home address. Registration typically involves local authorities and the school itself.
Moving home or changing circumstances can affect school assignment, and procedures vary by location.
Common misunderstandings
A common misunderstanding is that the French school system is rigid and unchanging. While it is structured, there are multiple pathways and options available as children progress.
Another misconception is that early academic pressure is extreme. Expectations vary by age, and early schooling places significant emphasis on social and language development.
What to do next
Understanding how the French school system works can help families plan ahead and feel more confident about educational choices.
You may also find it useful to read our other following guides on French schools as well as family benefits (CAF) :